Multiple works (separate each work with semi-colons): Gass and Varonis (1984) found that the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic.įirst citation: (American Psychological Association, 2015) One study found that the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic (Gass & Varonis, 1984). (2002) conducted their training with students preparing to be social workers, but note that other professionals who work with non-native speakers could benefit from a similar program. Their training techniques are based on the research described above indicating that comprehension improves with exposure to non-native speech. 77)Ī few researchers in the linguistics field have developed training programs designed to improve native speakers' ability to understand accented speech (Derwing, Rossiter, & Munro, 2002 Thomas, 2004). That is, prior experience with nonnative speech, such as that gained by listening to the reading, facilitates comprehension. This suggests that familiarity with nonnative speech in general, although it is clearly not as important a variable as topic familiarity, may indeed have some effect. Note: For direct quotations of more than 40 words, display the quote as an indented block of text without quotation marks and include the authors’ names, year, and page number in parentheses at the end of the quote. More information on citing sources without pagination is given on the APA Style web page. For sources such as websites and e-books that have no page numbers, use a paragraph number. For direct quotations, include the page number as well, for example: (Field, 2005, p. In-text references should always precede punctuation marks.ĪPA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for example: (Field, 2005). In-text references should immediately follow the title, word, or phrase to which they are directly relevant, rather than appearing at the end of long clauses or sentences. For every in-text citation in your paper, there must be a corresponding entry in your reference list. Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote from another source. Undergraduate Research Services (The SEAM).Borrowing From Another Library & Document Delivery.Special Collections & University Archives.

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